Trigonometric functions are used to model many phenomena, including sound waves, vibrations of strings, alternating electrical current, and the motion of pendulums. In fact, almost any repetitive, or cyclical, motion can be modeled by some combination of trigonometric functions. In this section, we define the six basic trigonometric functions and look at some of the main identities involving these functions.
To use trigonometric functions, we first must understand how to measure the angles. Although we can use both radians and degrees, radians are a more natural measurement because they are related directly to the unit circle, a circle with radius 1. The radian measure of an angle is defined as follows. Given an angle \(θ\), let \(s\) be the length of the corresponding arc on the unit circle (Figure \(\PageIndex\)). We say the angle corresponding to the arc of length 1 has radian measure 1.
Since an angle of \(360°\) corresponds to the circumference of a circle, or an arc of length \(2π\), we conclude that an angle with a degree measure of \(360°\) has a radian measure of \(2π\). Similarly, we see that \(180°\) is equivalent to \(\pi\) radians. Table \(\PageIndex\) shows the relationship between common degree and radian values.
Degrees | Radians | Degrees | Radians |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 0 | 120 | \(2π/3\) |
30 | \(π/6\) | 135 | \(3π/4\) |
45 | \(π/4\) | 150 | \(5π/6\) |
60 | \(π/3\) | 180 | \(π\) |
90 | \(π/2\) |
Solution
Use the fact that \(180\) ° is equivalent to \(\pi\) radians as a conversion factor (Table \(\PageIndex\)):